Radio
component 1 section b
Late Night Women's Hour
Radio programme which has been on for many years
Broadcast once a month, late at night
It is a 'Magazine show' - covers a range of different human interest stories, wide variety of articles for general audience.
Broadcast via BBC Radio 4
Broadcasts at 11pm on a Friday.
- Target audience, middle aged and middle class, stays in on a Friday night (however, maybe not accurate because can be listened to digitally later)
- 40% of listeners are men, 60% women
- Left-wing bias
LNWH - Home - Friday 28th October 2016
How does LNWH meet the needs of it's audience?
- Talks about home craze for the UK - Hygge (Scandanavian culture)
- Talks about creating cricketer dolls
- Many women from different backgrounds as guests (Scandanavian cook, British 'crafter' / Podcaster and ... )
- Talk about role of women in the home and role of home itself
- "I'm sure many of you have had an experience when you're moving house or..." Direct address to audience, assumes they have had a home to move from
- Topics are stereotypical of middle aged middle class female pursuits
- Brings target audience comfort
- Women with educations, careers
- History, feminism, "white, male, Anglo-saxons"
- Adopts totally informal mode of address but are clearly professionals, don't talk over each other, egalitarian (enforces equality - agree with each other)
Who is the target audience for this programme?
- Middle aged, Middle class women
What regulatory issues arise from this particular episode?
- No strong language, but would be allowed anyway because it is after 11pm
- One of the things many feminist movements aspire to is the idea of learned experience, no greater expert on women than women, women can talk about these issues is because they have personal experience.
- Very common to have all male panel shows, sometimes with one token person (tokenism)
Why does BBC broadcast this show?
- Targets a niche middle aged middle class female audience. They may feel they do not have any other shows which represent them.
- The BBC must at all times represent 'plurality' - providing a range of different experiences for different audiences, plurality ideology.
Other notes - how are they middle class?
- Being evicted by landlord, bit of an adventure whereas most of UK would be homeless
- "20 books" *gasp* : 20 books is lacking, uneducated
History of LNWH
- Originally presented by a man (Alan Ivimey) and created by Norman Collins. To encourage women to rebuild home life after Second World War. PATRIARCHAL HEGEMONY
- First broadcast in 1948 on BBC Light Programme at 2PM, timings intended to fit around 'womanly chores' and collecting children from school
- Moved to BBC4 in 1973
- First 45 minutes consist of reports, interviews, debates on subjects such as health, education, cultural, and political topics
- aimed at women and mothers
- Before 1998 last quarter became 'woman's Hour Drama' feature that changes periodically e.g 'ladies of letters'
- Show was labelled 'misogynistic' and 'patronising' after two men replaced a female tech expert due to feature in a slot about the lack of women speakers at technology conferences
- presenter Jane Garvey has criticised that "... there is a massively middle-class bent to every programme on Radio 4"
- 2013 BBC Trust ruled Woman's Hour wasn't sexist after being accused of unfairness to men over several years
- New Year's Eve 204, 'Man's Hour' presented by Channel 4 News, clever twist as Womans hour created by a man, Mans hour created by a woman.
- In 2010 after 64 years of Womans Hour, Mens Hour became a full series in 2010
- Spin off 'Late Night Woman's Hour' presented by Lauren Laverne, spinoff. Launched in 2015, each episode single topic of discussion.
How has sociohistorical factors led to a diversification of media output?
Sociohistorical - context of society in a historical period
Diversification - lots of varied products e.g. Late Night Womans Hour vs Top Gear (Eventually removed from BBC because Jeremy Clarkson punched a producer). However, keeping Clarkson despite his previous slip ups (saying the n-word etc) showed they had a conservative opinion and represented their audiences needs.
BBC is a PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) paid for by the listeners. They put it on because they have to represent their different audiences
How have digital platforms changed the way in which we have consumed radio?
DIGITAL CONVERGENCE
- Podcast / digital download (can be listen to without any signal)
- TV , radio channels on television
- BBC Sounds homepage / app
- BBC iPlayer homepage / app
- Consoles
- Smartphones
- Smartwatches
- Youtube
It is still possible to listen to radio. Older generations are more likely to do this and listen to analogue radio, younger generations stream and download more.
BBC iPlayer offers an immersive experience (suggested shows, keep track of placement/watching of episode so you can come back to it later)
iPlayer is available to download on many platforms, PC, Smartphone, Console etc
iPlayer has an attractive UI whereas radio is not associated with images before, it is now
Digital technologies allow audiences to share the product #LNWH hastag to share thoughts and opinions on platforms like twitter
Democratisation of media - anyone can make anything
How have the following aspects of distribution increased radio's audience reach?
Audio streaming (where users can click a link to play a radio programme over the internet)
Digital Broadcasting(DAB) (A greater number of wavelengths and therefore shows are available with DAB)
Podcasts (programmes are packaged and available as downloadable content on a range of different platforms)
Cross-Platform (Combination of visuals with audio output and availability of radio through television platforms)
Regulation of TV and films is ineffective.
Local radio - Provide an appropriate amount of material for local programs.
LNWH does not have to do this because it is a national programme
LNWH is after watershed (9PM)
Radio and TV in UK is largely self regulated
BBC need to remain completely impartial. e.g. "Over 150 volumes of Hygge books on a popular online bookstore" aka Amazon. They are not allowed to advertise products and the BBC could be fined.
BBC is a public service, like schools and public transport and water systems etc
They have a responsibility to EVERYBODY, hard especially since audiences are become increasingly diversified
BBC has a self-imposed remit to "inform, educate and entertain"
To what extent does the BBC offer its audiences ideological plurality?
- Plurality - many different things
-
OFCOMS Regulatory framework - break or conform
Ensure a wide range of services and a wide appeal is available
- LNWH is an example of a wide range of services e.g. what it is to be a woman, gives women a mode of address
Maintain plurality in broadcasting
- yes as they appeal to a middle class audience
Protect audience from offensive or harmful material
- Yes nothing dangerous is shown or spoken about
Protect audiences against unfairness or infringement of privacy
- Yes no one they speak about is directly mentioned e.g. small mention of ex-husband but no explicit naming or derogatory information
Slow TV - very long shows where nothing much happens e.g. train journey
Comfy radio : how do audiences use Late Night Women's Hour to meet their needs?
- Have it in the background
- Relaxing
- Help to go to sleep
(Reception theory)
Audience response - Clay Shirky and Henry Jenkins
Readings
Dominant - Agree with the feminist ideologies, enjoy the show and be calm
Preferred - Enjoy content, enjoy ideas of history of housewife, enjoy hosts discussion, enjoy middle class mode of address
Oppositional - Exclusionary, 100% female panellists (sexist), exclusionary middle class mode of address
Negotiated - 1. Think episode is too long for topic but enjoy history, 2. Lauren Laverne is attracted but don't care about content of show
Abhorrent - Sending death threats to producers and hosts, Stalking hosts, Killing husband after listening, Despise women and listen to remind you how much you hate them.
Participatory culture
component 1 section b
Late Night Women's Hour
Radio programme which has been on for many years
Broadcast once a month, late at night
It is a 'Magazine show' - covers a range of different human interest stories, wide variety of articles for general audience.
Broadcast via BBC Radio 4
Broadcasts at 11pm on a Friday.
- Target audience, middle aged and middle class, stays in on a Friday night (however, maybe not accurate because can be listened to digitally later)
- 40% of listeners are men, 60% women
- Left-wing bias
LNWH - Home - Friday 28th October 2016
How does LNWH meet the needs of it's audience?
- Talks about home craze for the UK - Hygge (Scandanavian culture)
- Talks about creating cricketer dolls
- Many women from different backgrounds as guests (Scandanavian cook, British 'crafter' / Podcaster and ... )
- Talk about role of women in the home and role of home itself
- "I'm sure many of you have had an experience when you're moving house or..." Direct address to audience, assumes they have had a home to move from
- Topics are stereotypical of middle aged middle class female pursuits
- Brings target audience comfort
- Women with educations, careers
- History, feminism, "white, male, Anglo-saxons"
- Adopts totally informal mode of address but are clearly professionals, don't talk over each other, egalitarian (enforces equality - agree with each other)
Who is the target audience for this programme?
- Middle aged, Middle class women
What regulatory issues arise from this particular episode?
- No strong language, but would be allowed anyway because it is after 11pm
- One of the things many feminist movements aspire to is the idea of learned experience, no greater expert on women than women, women can talk about these issues is because they have personal experience.
- Very common to have all male panel shows, sometimes with one token person (tokenism)
Why does BBC broadcast this show?
- Targets a niche middle aged middle class female audience. They may feel they do not have any other shows which represent them.
- The BBC must at all times represent 'plurality' - providing a range of different experiences for different audiences, plurality ideology.
Other notes - how are they middle class?
- Being evicted by landlord, bit of an adventure whereas most of UK would be homeless
- "20 books" *gasp* : 20 books is lacking, uneducated
History of LNWH
- Originally presented by a man (Alan Ivimey) and created by Norman Collins. To encourage women to rebuild home life after Second World War. PATRIARCHAL HEGEMONY
- First broadcast in 1948 on BBC Light Programme at 2PM, timings intended to fit around 'womanly chores' and collecting children from school
- Moved to BBC4 in 1973
- First 45 minutes consist of reports, interviews, debates on subjects such as health, education, cultural, and political topics
- aimed at women and mothers
- Before 1998 last quarter became 'woman's Hour Drama' feature that changes periodically e.g 'ladies of letters'
- Show was labelled 'misogynistic' and 'patronising' after two men replaced a female tech expert due to feature in a slot about the lack of women speakers at technology conferences
- presenter Jane Garvey has criticised that "... there is a massively middle-class bent to every programme on Radio 4"
- 2013 BBC Trust ruled Woman's Hour wasn't sexist after being accused of unfairness to men over several years
- New Year's Eve 204, 'Man's Hour' presented by Channel 4 News, clever twist as Womans hour created by a man, Mans hour created by a woman.
- In 2010 after 64 years of Womans Hour, Mens Hour became a full series in 2010
- Spin off 'Late Night Woman's Hour' presented by Lauren Laverne, spinoff. Launched in 2015, each episode single topic of discussion.
How has sociohistorical factors led to a diversification of media output?
Sociohistorical - context of society in a historical period
Diversification - lots of varied products e.g. Late Night Womans Hour vs Top Gear (Eventually removed from BBC because Jeremy Clarkson punched a producer). However, keeping Clarkson despite his previous slip ups (saying the n-word etc) showed they had a conservative opinion and represented their audiences needs.
BBC is a PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) paid for by the listeners. They put it on because they have to represent their different audiences
How have digital platforms changed the way in which we have consumed radio?
DIGITAL CONVERGENCE
- Podcast / digital download (can be listen to without any signal)
- TV , radio channels on television
- BBC Sounds homepage / app
- BBC iPlayer homepage / app
- Consoles
- Smartphones
- Smartwatches
- Youtube
It is still possible to listen to radio. Older generations are more likely to do this and listen to analogue radio, younger generations stream and download more.
BBC iPlayer offers an immersive experience (suggested shows, keep track of placement/watching of episode so you can come back to it later)
iPlayer is available to download on many platforms, PC, Smartphone, Console etc
iPlayer has an attractive UI whereas radio is not associated with images before, it is now
Digital technologies allow audiences to share the product #LNWH hastag to share thoughts and opinions on platforms like twitter
Democratisation of media - anyone can make anything
How have the following aspects of distribution increased radio's audience reach?
Audio streaming (where users can click a link to play a radio programme over the internet)
Digital Broadcasting(DAB) (A greater number of wavelengths and therefore shows are available with DAB)
Podcasts (programmes are packaged and available as downloadable content on a range of different platforms)
Cross-Platform (Combination of visuals with audio output and availability of radio through television platforms)
Regulation of TV and films is ineffective.
Local radio - Provide an appropriate amount of material for local programs.
LNWH does not have to do this because it is a national programme
LNWH is after watershed (9PM)
Radio and TV in UK is largely self regulated
BBC need to remain completely impartial. e.g. "Over 150 volumes of Hygge books on a popular online bookstore" aka Amazon. They are not allowed to advertise products and the BBC could be fined.
BBC is a public service, like schools and public transport and water systems etc
They have a responsibility to EVERYBODY, hard especially since audiences are become increasingly diversified
BBC has a self-imposed remit to "inform, educate and entertain"
To what extent does the BBC offer its audiences ideological plurality?
- Plurality - many different things
-
OFCOMS Regulatory framework - break or conform
Ensure a wide range of services and a wide appeal is available
- LNWH is an example of a wide range of services e.g. what it is to be a woman, gives women a mode of address
Maintain plurality in broadcasting
- yes as they appeal to a middle class audience
Protect audience from offensive or harmful material
- Yes nothing dangerous is shown or spoken about
Protect audiences against unfairness or infringement of privacy
- Yes no one they speak about is directly mentioned e.g. small mention of ex-husband but no explicit naming or derogatory information
Slow TV - very long shows where nothing much happens e.g. train journey
Comfy radio : how do audiences use Late Night Women's Hour to meet their needs?
- Have it in the background
- Relaxing
- Help to go to sleep
(Reception theory)
Audience response - Clay Shirky and Henry Jenkins
Readings
Dominant - Agree with the feminist ideologies, enjoy the show and be calm
Preferred - Enjoy content, enjoy ideas of history of housewife, enjoy hosts discussion, enjoy middle class mode of address
Oppositional - Exclusionary, 100% female panellists (sexist), exclusionary middle class mode of address
Negotiated - 1. Think episode is too long for topic but enjoy history, 2. Lauren Laverne is attracted but don't care about content of show
Abhorrent - Sending death threats to producers and hosts, Stalking hosts, Killing husband after listening, Despise women and listen to remind you how much you hate them.
Participatory culture
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